De volgende onderwerpen komen aan bod in dit hoofdstuk: Elektrolyten Netto Ion-vergelijkingen Soorten reacties Neerslag reacties Zuur-base reacties Redox reacties Elektrolyten: Als suiker (Sucrose) oplost, kun je daar de volgende moleculevergelijking voor opstellen: C12H22O11(s) à C12H22O11(aq) Als keukenzout oplost zie de vergelijking er als volgt uit: NaCl(s) à Na (aq) Cl-(aq) Het verschil is uiteraard, …
Introduction Water that has not been purified is what is known as “hard water.” Hard water can contain substances like Ca2 , Mg2 , and Fe2 . These “hard ions” are not always unhealthy necessarily, but there are several good reasons that we remove them. First, they can combine with other compounds to form soap …
1) INTRODUCTION: Kinetics– study of reaction rates and mechanisms Factors affecting rate: Nature of reaction (miscibilities, surface area, molecular structure) Concentration Temperature Catalysts Reaction Rates Concentration Changes Chemical kinetics is the study of the speed with which a chemical reaction occurs and the factors that affect this speed. This information is especially useful for determining …
Chromatography is a technique for separating mixtures into their components in order to analyze, identify, purify, and/or quantify the mixture or components. Separate Analyze Identify Purify Quantify Components Mixture Uses for Chromatography Chromatography is used by scientists to: Analyze – examine a mixture, its components, and their relations to one another Identify – determine the …
REVIEW OF LITERATURE INTERCROPPING Intercropping of cereals and grain legumes is a neglected theme in agricultural science and practice in both conventional and organic farming systems (Dahlmann, and Von Fragstein2006). The fast rising population in many tropical countries is one of the reasons for enormous growing demand for food. The increasing urbanization due to world …
An adhesive is a substance that sticks to the surface of an object such that two surfaces become bonded. A typical home improvement store carries many different adhesives for many different applications..The interaction of molecules is known as intermolecular bonding, or secondary bonding. Primary bonding, also known as intramolecular bonding, is the interaction of atoms …
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Introduction Genetically modified foods have become a major concern and have caused controversy regarding both their health and environmental effects (2). ‘Using modern techniques of genetic engineering, it is possible to introduce specific genetic material derived from any species of plant, animal, or microorganism, or even a synthetic material, into different species of plant’ (Journal …
INTRODUCTION A partial molar property is the contribution (per mole) that a substance makes to an overall property of a mixture. The easiest partial molar property to visualize is the partial molar volume, vj of a substance j the contribution j makes to the total volume of a mixture. we can see that although 1 …
Introduction Electrophoresis is a technique used for separating molecules through migration on a support medium while under the influence of an electrical charge. It was first used as a separation technique by Tiselius in 1937 .He described the separation of proteins which were placed in a buffer in a tube and an electric field was …
Gas chromatography mainly consists of Gas solid chromatography and Gas liquid chromatography, in both types gas is used as mobile phase and either solid or liquid used as stationary phase. Gas solid chromatography is not used widely because of limited number of stationary phases available. In Gas solid chromatography, the principle of separation is adsorption. …
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1. Nature of substances: Simple particles react faster than complex particles. In complex molecules more bonds have to be broken. This means more energy is needed to form the activated complex. Particles such as atoms or ions in solution react more quickly than complex molecules. Surface area of reactants: The greater the surface area of …
Introduction of title The terms of “forensic science” cover those professions which are involved in the application of social and physical science to the criminal justice system. Forensic experts are expected to find out the details of method used, to substantiate the choice of the applied technique and to give their unbiased conclusions. Therefore, the …
Introduction Copper, elemental symbol Cu, is a transition d-block metal, and is the least reactive of the first row metals. Copper can have the oxidation states 1 and 2 and can form many complexes with various ligands. The Cu 2 ion, at low concentrations, is an essential element to plant and animal life, and a …
HISTORY An early form of electrochemical battery called the Baghdad Battery may have been used in antiquity. However, the modern development of batteries started with the Voltaic pile, invented by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1800. In 1780 the Italian anatomist and physiologist Luigi Galvani noticed that dissected frog’s legs would twitch when struck …
INTRODUCTION The term “antibiotic” was put forward by Vuillemin in 1889, to designate the active component involved in the process of ‘antibiosis’ or to the opposition of one living micro-organism to another . According to another school of thought – ‘antibiotics are nothing but the microbial metabolites which in relatively high dilution may inhibit the …
An introduction to the Acid rain Acid rain is a major problem for our health and even our existence. Human started poisoning the atmosphere with acid gases since 1730, at the height of the Industrial Revolution. Although, it was first recognized in 1872, approximately one hundred years after the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, when …
Introduction Carbon nanotubes are the allotops of carbon , they have a cylindrical nano structure. Nano structure are construct with a length to diameter ratio of 28000000:1 , this is significantly larger than any other material. They have many novel properties and are many useful in nanotechnology , electronics , optics , material science and …
Textile chemistry is primarily an applied form of chemistry. It is a highly specialized field that applies the principles of the basic fields of chemistry to the understanding of textile materials and to their functional and esthetic modification into useful and desirable items. Textile materials are used in clothing, carpet, tire yarn, sewing thread, and …
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Wilkinson’s catalyst was prepared from rhodium (III) chloride and refluxed in ethanol with triphenylphosphine, with a measured yield of 72.7%. The efficacy and regioselectivity of Wilkinson’s catalyst was then assessed by reaction with carvone in an atmosphere of hydrogen gas at 1 atm, and the product was analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Introduction Tris-(Triphenylphophine)chloro rhodium(I) was …
1.0 INTRODUCTION Formaldehyde is the first member of the aldehyde family (CH2O) and is the most important aldehyde in the environment.3 It is a naturally occurring chemical and a by-product of most organisms, including human, industrial and natural processes. Formaldehyde forms from the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials; smoke from forest fires, in automobile exhaust, …
